ARTICLES ON THIS PAGE

 

1. GENERIC BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON KARAITES

 

2. KARAITE HISTORY UNTOLD: KARAISM AND CHRISTIAN HEBRAISM 

    Rennasiance Quarterly, 22-DEC-06

 

3. THE SUPPRESSED HISTORY OF THE ORIGINAL KARAITES OF ISRAEL FROM 562 BCE TO 1ST CENTURY CE

 

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WHY KARAITES ARE DISTINCT 

Karaites are distinctive in Judaism [and world religion] because they did not accept the Talmud, the Ecumenical Councils, or the Islamic Hadiths.  These are considered "traditions of men" which do not come from the word of God and contradict the scriptures they claim to come from.  Karaites share the belief that scripture interpets itself in communion with G-d's"Nahgah" [illumination] , thus there are many different varieties with many different beliefs. Varieties of historic Karaite theology in the middle-east have tended to be more inclusive concerning, or at least influenced by Islam. In Europe and America, karaites have been influence by the enlightenment and modern thought.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF KARAITES: TORAH, TEHUDAH & YACHAD 

There are many different varieties of Karaites throughout the world, emerging from Europe, Russia, Crimea, Lithuania, Turkey, Egypt and Iran. And while the geographical traditions differ, the centrality of scripture remain a constant theme, extending throughout the realm of Abrahamic faith, from the Torah to the Quran. If you want to know what Torah Karaite Judaism is, read the Tanak.  If you want to know what Tehudah Karaite Judaism is read the Torah And Tehudah [original arrangement of the New Testament].  If you want to know what Yachad Karaite Judaism is, read the Tanak, Tehudah & Quran. Because Karaite is synonymous with "scripture" and belief in the writings (and authority) of the prophets. Egyptain Karaites do not inlcude the Tehudah.  Tehudah karaites do not include the Quran. Yachad Karaites include all three, but all varieties of karaism have been tolerant, if not inclusive, of monotheism's 3 bodies of literature and it's prophetic tradition as a whole. This site is specifically about Tehudah Reformed Karaite Judaism, which is predominantly from Amsterdam, Holland, but does not discount the importance and contributions of the other intellectual movements of Kara'ism from Egypt , Russia or Asia.  Because of it's acceptance of the Synagogue, Egyptian karaism is legally recognized by the state of Israel as "Jewish", although not approved. 

HISTORY OF THE KARAITE MOVEMENT

Karaite histories have usually been written primarily by people who are not karaites. So the majority of material you will find, is usually trying to build "cases" for whatever positional agenda is being promoted on the subject. If you want to know who the people in the Carabbean Islands are, don't ask Columbus, he will tell you they simply must be Indians because he sailed around the world.

Ashkenazi literature tells you it came about during the middle ages, didn't accept the Talmud, or synagogues, but now have all of the trappings of any other groups including synagogues.  End of story.

So if that is enough for you, then that's all you'll ever know about it. But in reality, there is much much more to the Karaite story than what for some reason, official sources are willing to be guilty of telling,because the existence of karaites throughout history, present religious and political embarrassment in light of monopoly claims made by government sponsored religious institutions, Jewish, Christian and even Muslim. 

THE SECRET LIVES OF HIDDEN KARAITES

Karaites have lived in hostile communities throughout the world and for millenia.  Many have been isolated from each other and developed their own indigenious "halakhah" best suited to their culture and personal histories.  Karaites in modern Egypt may be radically different from a intellectualist Karaite in Paris.  American Karaites are different from both Europe, Asia and the middle-east.  This diversity is due to it's emphesis on the personal duty of every person to read Torah and understand it for their own communities in guidance with the local Hakham, or Zaqen, rather than through heirarchal counsels. 

Tsaphan practice has been kept in many of these communities as a self-defense against persecution and death.  The stories and numbers quoted by outside social scientists, Vatican scholars or Rabbinical academics, rarely account for invisible domestic presence in communities, where practice of karaite faith requires no synagogue or public meeting to keep.

Traces and influence of Tsaphanic Karaite presence can be found surfacing in the lives and stories of many famous people who reported their encounters in intentionally ambigious terms or reflected the resulting influences in their ideas and practice.

Tsaphan traditions are virutally unrecorded and though in the recent modern era, government persecutions have been increasingly reduced thoughout the world, some have remained hidden from public sight, and continue privately, as karaite households of faith.

FACTS AND FIGURES

Israel has approx 30,000 Karaites throughout the Jewish state, and 11 Karaite synagogues. The largest is in Ashdod, south of Tel Aviv, with aprox 2000 Karaite families.

RABBINICAL OPINION

Today local Orthodox rabbis, see the Karaites as rivals, and have prevented the placing of a sign lest an "ordinary Jew" be "tricked" into buying Karaite meat. One well known Jewish author, HaRav Ariel Bar Tzadok recently said- - "The Karaites are an illegitamate sect of non-authorative opinionators of Torah... they have no more legitamacy than their modern counterparts the reforms and conservatives".

 TEHUDAH REFORMED KARAIM

Reformed Karaism unlike the versions of Karaism in Asia and the Middle-East, has been influenced by Jewish thinking in the Euorpean enlightenment.  Immigrants from Amsterdam during the late 1800s and early 1900s brought with them the influence of a stream of Judaism that continued to be practiced in the home in the tradition of Baruch Spinoza, who had been excommunicated from the Rabbinical Synagogue for questioning Orthodox Rabbinical opinions.  Within Judaism the models of practice in which Rabbinicalism is esentially rejected are limited to Moranos and Karaite, and it is known that Spinoza continued observance of Judaism in his home with other Jews while maintaining relationship with rabbinical mentors in Europe. Dutch Jews sympathetic to Spinoza and angry with the Synagogue, may have taken up the practice in Amsterdam and spread it sporadically in Europe. Chabaqquq came to America as a Dutch Jew from the Ghettos in the 1800s with nothing but his practice, a shofar and family legands about Baruch Sponoza.  Albert Einstein may have run across this practice at some time in his life being influenced by Spinoza and showing a sympathy toward American Quakers, who had been sympathetic ideological contemporaries since Fox's early days in Europe.

This form of Judaism is never acknowledged by either historians or other Jews of the Synagogue but it does exist today just as it has since before the time of Baruch Spinoza in Europe, and this web site is an expression of it's continued presence and practice in the homes of those who find the wisdom of Spinoza, Einstein and intuition with the scriptures to be of greater importance, than the synagogue of the Cheif Rabbi in Amsterdam.

Also unlike other forms of Jewish practice, Tehudah Reformed Karaism is progressive rather than regressive in it's philosophy, and views other faiths and traditions in an inclusive rather than an exclusive manner. Like Einstein and Spinoza, Reformed Karaim,  feel as comfortable quoting the Torah as they do the New Testament, or even the Quran, and have no fear of discussions of central figures in these debates and even truths found in these literatures.  This respect and mutual study does not imply however that Reformed Karaism is a form of Christianity or a missionary organization.  It is not and virtually none of the doctrines of traditional or orthodox Christianity are accepted by Reformed Karaism.  Reformed Karaism is still Jewish in it's paradigm and sees the central figures from these literatures in light of progressive Biblical Judaism.

Reformed Karaism sees the religious conflicts created by competing ideologies from the three main bodies of monotheistic sacred literature as having been and continuing to be that of translation choices made by sectarian translators, and documentable scribal interpolations which intentionally corrupted the original intent and meaning of the written texts.  Most do not consciously realize that when they read these sacred texts in their own languages, they have been translated.  The choise of words selected by the translators are often not even the primary definition of the terms, or even the secondary definitions, but as far down the normative list of usage as tertiary.  These selections are not made simply out of some higher notion of honorable scholarship, but rather theological biases injected into the resulting translated text to promote the doctrinal orthodoxies of the sponsoring translationists.

This textual dishonesty is at least partially responsible for the rise of Mohammed as a prophet, whose brother-in-law served the Vatican as an Arabic translator of the New Testament and became aware of the dishonesty of these tactics in translation.  As a rectionary practice, Arabs went centuries refusing to reproduce the text of the Quran in anything other than it's original Arabic. Though post-Mohmmed Islam arose with this reactionary response to translation corruptions, it still did not manage to escape it's own temptation of textual interpolation and scribal revisionism.

As one examines the English New Testament, and then compares it to it's foundational text in Greek, one will find numerous examples of these kinds of doctrinaire choices.  For example one will see openly in English that three wise men came to "worship" Christ when he was born, whereas the Greek text states simply that they came to "honor" him.  Yet, this is not reflected in any mainstream Biblical translations found in Christendom.  Why? Christians promote the "worship" of "Christ".  So that is the the choice of the term used, when honestly, all that was actually written in Greek is "honor".  Jews who read these texts reject out of hand the connections between the New Testament literature and the history of Judaism in 1st century Israel although in a minimalist translation of the Greek text, they are quite reasonable and appearant.  But Jews today, do not read Greek of course, as they once did. Most would now have English or Spanish as their second language.

Reformed Karaism creates a paradigm for understanding that history is a singular unifying thread that runs through the monotheistic tradition and finds in it's theology the textual and linguistic basis for a common spirituality, a common G-d. a common hummanity and not only a common future, but a common peace.  As the Prophet once commanded, make straight the way of the Lord.  This we do within ourselves first.

KARAISM AND CHRISTIAN HEBRAISM: A New Document 

Publication:Rennasiance Quarterly, 22-DEC-06
Author: Lasker, Daniel J.

Article Excerpt
1. INTRODUCTION

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, has in its collection a Hebrew letter, written on 29 September 1641, sent by Joannes Stephanus Rittangel (1606-52) to John Selden (1584-1654), prominent English jurist and Christian Hebraist, with a request to help publish Karaite manuscripts that were in Rittangel's possession. (1) This letter is written in a flowery Hebrew style, with lavish encomia for Selden, and its discovery contributes both to our knowledge of the activities of Rittangel--expert in Karaism and Professor Extraordinary of Semitic languages at the University of Koenigsberg--as well as to an appreciation of the impact of Karaism upon Christian Hebraism in England during the same period. It is presented here for the first time in facsimile, with a transcription of the original Hebrew and an annotated English translation.

2. THE AUTHOR

Joannes Stephanus Rittangel was born on 2 January 1606 in Forchheim in Bamberg. (2) Rittangel's excellent command of Hebrew and of Jewish sources has led some people to assume that he was born a Jew, and all the early discussions of Rittangel mention his possible Jewish background. Some have even claimed that he was born a Catholic, converted to Judaism, and then converted to Protestantism. It is quite improbable, though, that he was born Jewish. (3) Rittangel spent his younger years in intensive study of the Hebrew language and of Jewish literature and is reported to have spent up to twenty years among the Jews. (4) Since he was only thirty-five when he wrote the present letter to Selden, this figure may be exaggerated. A second account, recording twelve years of study among the Jews of the East, is more likely. (5)

Although we do not know when Rittangel began his sojourn among the Karaites, we do know when he ended it. He is mentioned in a Karaite historical work as having visited Troki, the main Karaite center of Lithuania, in 1640-41. The author, Mordecai ben Nisan (d. 1709), responding to an inquiry by the Christian Hebraist Jacob Trigland (1652-1705) in 1699, writes the following about Rittangel: "Every sage and scholar among the Christians and the Germans all admit that the true original religion, which was received on Mt. Sinai by 'the faithful one of God's house' [that is, Moses: see Num. 12:7], is found among the Karaites. For instance, in the year 5401 [1640-41], a German sage named Rittangel visited the holy community of Troki. His soul cleaved to the Karaite religion, he studied their books intensely, and he visited all the places where the Karaites live. He used to praise exceedingly the religion and its books in his writings, which he wrote from community to community. May his memory ascend for good before the God of the spirits [Num. 16:22]!" (6)

Apparently it was from Lithuania in late 1640 or early 1641 that Rittangel set out to take up his position of Professor Extraordinary of Semitic languages at the University of Koenigsberg, where he was elected to the professorship on 5 November 1640. (7) Before arriving at his final destination, Rittangel intended to stop in Amsterdam to publish his edition and Latin translation of Sefer Yezirah (The Book of Formation), one of the classic books of Jewish mysticism. On the way, however, his ship was attacked by "Dunkerkers," or maritime pirates, and he ended up against his will in England in early 1641. (8) During his time in England, he became very well known among the small but influential group of Christian Hebraists, men such as Samuel Hartlib (ca. 1600-62), John Dury (1596-1680), Ralph Cudworth (1617-88), and Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670), to whom he imparted his knowledge about the Karaites. (9) After spending some time in London, Rittangel went to Cambridge. It was there on 29 September 1641 that he addressed the letter to John Selden; by late 1641 he was already in Amsterdam. (10) His edition of Sefer Yezirah was published there in 1642, he conducted a Hebrew correspondence with a Jew in Amsterdam concerning the meaning of Gen. 49:10 (the Shiloh passage), and soon afterwards he made his way to Koenigsberg. In March 1648 he went to visit the Karaites in Persia.

(11) He died in October 1652. (12)

Rittangel was a prolific writer. His compositions include the edition and Latin translation of Sefer Yezirah; (13) the exchange of letters concerning Gen. 49:10; (14) an edition of the Passover Haggadah with Latin and German translation; (15) a German translation of the Hebrew prayerbook, with a long introduction about the Jewish liturgy, including passages in Greek, Arabic, and Syriac; (16) and three works of Christian theology published posthumously. (17) In addition, according to his own testimony, he wrote hundreds of letters to Jews all over the world. (18) He was, however, never able to publish any Karaite treatises.

For all of Rittangel's intellectual accomplishments, he apparently had an abrasive and difficult personality. For instance, although Dury learned everything he knew about Karaites from Rittangel, he dismissed Rittangel as a possible candidate to translate Kabbalistic books because his disposition made him impossible to deal with. (19) A Christian Hebraist in Amsterdam, Johannes Moriaen, also complained about Rittangel's character. (20) Rittangel's domestic relations with his wife were none too smooth, either. (21) An example of Rittangel's personality can be seen in his exchange of letters with a Jew of Amsterdam. In defending the beauty of his handwriting, Rittangel recalled the hundreds of letters he had written to Jews around the world in Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Germany, Turkey, Egypt, Constantinople, and Cairo. (22) He claimed that not only were his correspondents capable of reading his letters, they all praised him excessively, even saying, "From Johanan to Johanan, there arose none like unto Johanan Rittangel." (23) As to his correspondent, Rittangel assumed that he was typical of the Spanish Jews, calling him "a descendant of an impure and mongrel family." (24)

3. THE RECIPIENT

John Selden was a leading English man of letters and Hebraist. His publications on civil government, natural law, the calendar, and religion drew greatly upon Jewish sources. Since there were no Jews in England in Selden's time, at least not openly, his extensive Hebraica knowledge must have been derived solely from Christian teachers and from his own self-education, or perhaps resulted from contact with the few Spanish-Portuguese conversos who had managed to enter England. (25) Selden was involved in English political life as well, and when Rittangel corresponded with him, he was a member of the Long Parliament, reference to which is apparently made in the letter. Undoubtedly, Rittangel believed that Selden, whom he apparently knew only by reputation, was ideally placed to help him in his attempt to publish Karaite treatises. (26)

We have no idea whether or not Selden received this letter, and Rittangel's plans of publishing Karaite texts did not materialize. (27) Nevertheless, as we shall see below, Selden did benefit from Rittangel's presence in England and his having brought Karaite treatises with him. His treatise on the calendar, De Anno Civili & Calendario Veteris Ecclesiae seu Reipublicae Judaicae (1644), (28) discusses the Karaites at length, and his important composition on Jewish marriage, Uxor Hebraica (1646), (29) is a Latin account of Jewish marriage practices, including those of the Karaites. In both these works, Selden cites Judah Fuki ben Eliezer's Shacar Yehudah (Gate of Judah) as his source of knowledge about Karaite marriage practices. He received this book, as well as a manuscript of Elijah Bashyatchi's law code, Adderet Eliyyahu (Cloak of Elijah), from Ralph Cudworth, who himself most likely received it from Rittangel. (30)

4. THE KARAITES

Karaism is the longest surviving form of sectarian Judaism, apparently taking its name from the Hebrew root "to read" (k.r.'.), because Karaites are said to read the Bible (Mikra') literally without accepting the rabbinic concept of an Oral Torah, embodied in the Talmud, given by God to Moses simultaneously with the Written Torah. Although this description of Karaism is simplistic, it is true that the Karaite reading of the Bible led to religious practices which distinguished their communities from those of the majority, who followed rabbinic law (known, in the context of Karaism, as Rabbanites).

Karaite origins remain a mystery. The Rabbanites generally attributed its founding to the eighth-century Anan ben David, a disappointed candidate to be exilarch (head of the Babylonian captivity) whose pique and anger caused him to secede from normative Judaism. Karaites claimed that their form of Judaism is the original one, and that the schism between the two groups of Jews had its origins in the Second Temple period, when the Rabbanite concept of the Oral Torah was invented. Modern research has demonstrated that Anan was most certainly not the founder of Karaism; opinion remains divided as to how much, if any, connection there is to Second Temple groups or whether Karaism is purely a medieval movement. (31) No matter what their origins, by the tenth century the Karaites were a well-organized alternative to rabbinic...

This will be a long and difficult article to digest, because it is going to challenge the standard "official claims" of history made by very credible public sources.  But the challenge is not without an equally impressive documented historical basis, that renders the "official claims" suspicious on several levels. In fact, the documentation, universally accepted as some of the best available of the period, and with fairly certain periods of composition, will prove the "official claims", though popular and widespread are in fact, fictitious, if not malicious in nature.

When giving an account of history, one cannot claim that item "X" did not exist until 1950, if you have item "X" existence documented as fact in 1920.  In order to do that you have to explain, prove or at least attempt to persuade that the reference to item "X" in 1920 is somehow mistaken. Because obviously if item "X" is referenced in 1920, it could not have been first invented in 1950.  The claim it was invented in 1950 is in error, or either the reference to item "X" in 1920, was created after 1950, and inserted into a 1920s document to look original.  But you cannot have both conditions exist and be true.  One must give way to the other in terms of origin and existence.

If you accept the above statement of simple self-evident logic, you will quickly realize someone is not being honest about the history of the karaite movement in the middle-east.  Either in terms of it's origin, or it's existence.  Because all public sources will hastily and quickly volunteer the unnecessary and unsolicited information, from sources as simple as a dictionary, that "karaite" was "invented" in the 8th century by Anan Ben David, and from which all karaism in the world has since descended.

This will be shown to be a patently false claim.  Why it is constantly and loudly made, can only be attributed to vested political and religious interests in making it, as historical documentation itself clearly shows otherwise.

WHOSE VESTED INTERESTS?

In an article in the New York Times, Published: January 14, 2006 By NICHOLAS WADE, entitled "New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe", the results of Jewish genetic studies are reported. The article is reproduced for the reader below.  Please note it's conclusions:

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"New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe"

New York Times,

January 14, 2006

By NICHOLAS WADE, 

Because of genetic drift, Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA's have developed their own pattern, which makes it very hard to tell their source. This differs from the patrilineal case, Dr. Goldstein said, where there is no question of a Middle Eastern origin. 

But Dr. Goldstein said the new report did not alter his previous conclusion. The mitochondrial DNA's of a small, isolated population tend to change rapidly as some lineages fall extinct and others become more common, a process known as genetic drift. In his view, the Technion team has confirmed that genetic drift has played a major role in shaping Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA. But the linkage with Middle Eastern populations is not statistically significant, he said.

Dr. Hammer said the new study "moves us forward in trying to understand Jewish population history." His own recent research, he said, suggests that the Ashkenazi population expanded through a series of bottlenecks - events that squeeze a population down to small numbers - perhaps as it migrated from the Middle East after the destruction of the Second Temple in A.D. 70 to Italy, reaching the Rhine Valley in the 10th century.
The Technion team suggests a different origin for the Ashkenazi community: if the women too are Middle Eastern in origin, they would presumably have accompanied their husbands. At least the Ashkenazi Jewish community might have been formed by families migrating together. 
Dr. Goldstein and his colleagues suggested that the genesis of each Jewish community, including the Ashkenazis, was that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews.

David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported in 2002 that the mitochondrial DNA of women in Jewish communities around the world did not seem to be Middle Eastern, and indeed each community had its own genetic pattern. But in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community. 

A study by Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona showed five years ago that the men in many Jewish communities around the world bore Y chromosomes that were Middle Eastern in origin. This finding is widely accepted by geneticists, but there is less consensus about the women's origins. 

Looking at other populations, the Technion team found that some people in Egypt, Arabia and the Levant also carried the set of mutations that defines one of the four women. They argue that all four probably lived originally in the Middle East.
In the case of the Ashkenazi population, the researchers found that many branches coalesced to single trees, and so were able to identify the four female ancestors.

The researchers, Doron Behar and Karl Skorecki of the Technion and Ramban Medical Center in Haifa, and colleagues elsewhere, report that just four women, who may have lived 2,000 to 3,000 years ago, are the ancestors of 40 percent of Ashkenazis alive today. The Technion team's analysis was based on mitochondrial DNA, a genetic element that is separate from the genes held in the cell's nucleus and that is inherited only through the female line. Because of mutations - the switch of one DNA unit for another - that build up on the mitochondrial DNA, people can be assigned to branches that are defined by which mutations they carry.

But the new study, published online this week in The American Journal of Human Genetics, suggests that the men and their wives migrated to Europe together.  Until now, it had been widely assumed by geneticists that the Ashkenazi communities of Northern and Central Europe were founded by men who came from the Middle East, perhaps as traders, and by the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism.

A new look at the DNA of the Ashkenazi Jewish population has thrown light on its still mysterious origins.

Published: January 14, 2006By NICHOLAS WADENew Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe 

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OBSERVATIONS ABOUT ASHKENAZI ORIGINS

40% of all Ashkenazi come from 4 females... from ITALY!!! Immigrated to ROME after the DESTRUCTION of ISRAEL and the 2nd TEMPLE (by Rome).  Who would "immigrate" to the country that was destroying you? While they were doing it?

QUOTE: But Dr. Goldstein said the new report did not alter his previous conclusion. In his view, the Technion team has confirmed that genetic drift has played a major role in shaping Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA. But the linkage with Middle Eastern populations is NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT he said.

4 Females from Italy? With no significant genetic connection to the middle-east?  Why Italy? What's going on in Italy during this time, that makes this connection even more astounding?

IN THE INTERESTS OF ROME

Italy of course, is the location of ROME, as in the ROMAN EMPIRE.  The same that was in the process of destroying Israel as a country.  According to Jewish legend, the gates of Jerusalem were opened from within by Rabbinical leaders who were given safe passage out of the city in exchange for their act of betrayal to their country.  Obviously these political refugees fled to a life of comfort in Rome.  Where they also enjoyed the continuing imperial favor of being the 'official Jews" of the Roman empire.

But it is clear that according to Jewish literature, [and as it is found within the Scriptures both in the Tanakh and in the 1st century writings of the New Testament] Patriarchal descent, was the Jewish custom of tracking heredity.  Not Matriarchal descent.  So when did this change and why?

Arguments can be constructed for various dates and reasons, but the most obvious has nothing to do with Judaism at all. It has to do with the Roman Empire itself.  The same Roman empire that later confiscated the writings now contained in the New Testament, and made their private possession illegal contraban.

FACTS ABOUT ALLEGED JEWISH DESCENT

(1) Primary under-pinning of Jewish Identity, Conversion, not Genetic Descendancy.

(2) Primary definer of Conversion = Jewish synagogue and Talmudic Rabbinicalism.

 (3) Primary source of Synagouge's Talmudic Rabbinicalism = Babylon.

(4) Primary source of Talmudic clergy in Babylon = The Bimah Houses [High Places] denounced by Elijah as apostate. [Instructed OPENLY in the Tosefta (Meg. 4:23(Sh. Ar., OH 150:2))

The major part of "Jewish Descent" that actually exists in Ashkenazi Synagogue Rabbinicalism if at all, is descent from sociological sources that were essentially the enemies of Israel, not it's patriots?  This observation is not made to impugn Jewish identity as this very identity is also shared by many reformed Qara'im who have come to realize the truth about our history, and have made the conscientious effort to rather than insist on denial, reconcile one's self to it in a constructive synthesis with religious and spiritual realities. But the fact that these misconceptions are intentionally propagated by leaders of the Bamah House, in historical cooperation with the empires, have made victims of everyone on earth touched by reverential respect for the Scriptural traditions, not simply our own. The hoax of Jewish descent as defined by membership in the Bamah houses (synagogue), is what makes one "Jewish"?  Now... in light of this modern evidence, in order to fill this embarrassing vacuum, it is claimed to be simply "ethnicity", you know things like Matzah ball soup and Yiddish cuss words.

Yet, despite these facts from modern science, the definitions to keep the Matriarchal linage of the synagogue central to the definition of the term "Jewish" are so extreme, that Israel is now repatriating Russian white supremist Atheist Nazis, because their mother's mother was a "new member" of one of their "synagogues" in Russia.  They literally have Nazi gangs in Israel who call themselves "Jews".  Yet, even if these false definitions destroy the country, the Synagogue will remain insistent on imposing these definitions on the legal existence of the state of Israel, remaining the cornerstone of Israel's "whose an official Jew" policy.  Nothing else matters to the rulers of the Synagogue, but their Synagogues and their titles within them.  Einstein once stated that "insanity" is doing the same thing, and expecting a different result, and there is no reason to think that Synagogue Judaism will produce within Israel anything different than it ever has before.  And this result is not good for the county.

WHY KARAITE EXISTENCE IS THREATENING TO OFFICIAL ROMAN CLAIMS

The term "Karaite" like all terms, have a definition, which can easily be found in any lexicon or etymological dictionary.  It is also an ideology or theology with definitive markers of behavior and practice. So what constitutes the 'existence" of something in history, is when you have the terms and the behaviors present in a documented form with solid factual dates of reference, once again going back to the previous illustration of item "X" in 1950 or 1920.

Once you realize the truth that the Judaism which emerged from Babylon, contained exclusively within the confines of the Synagogue, made up of converts to Synagogue Judaism, were not actually "Jewish" (as in adherents to Judaism), but Babylonian, a sudden irreversible paradigm shift occurs in one's interpretation of historical data.  What happened to those who remained actually "Jewish"?  It is simply a fact of human behavior, that for every change that occurs in a society, no matter how minuscule or irrelevant that change may be, there are always people who refuse by choice to conform themselves to it.

And yes, there were "Jews" who remained "Jewish", and refused to accept the new Babylonian version of Judaism, introduced and sponsored by the Babylonian empire and it's "Academy".  Who were these Jews? Were did they go? Is there any record of them? What happened to them in history?

These questions can all be answered from the body of Jewish literature that was the official record of the history, the prophets and the Kings in Israel.  It was all written and preserved "for the record".  That record is dated, it is official, it is documented, and it is historical. In fact, it is some of the best documented historical sources in the ancient world.  If you have a record of the existence of these Jews in this literature, then no matter what is claimed by Rome, Mecca or Jerusalem today, Karaites were there, in full force, in existence, surrounded by the same controversies we have today.

The fact of THIS HISTORY, will show the Karaite movement began not in the 8th century CE with Anan Ben David, as is claimed, but in the 5th Century BCE, by Josiah, the last Davidic monarch in Israel, as is documented by one of the most reliable sources of history in the ancient world, the scriptures themselves.  This will not be simply a simple feat of "interpetation" of some texts, but the fact of Historical documentation verified by the modern science of Archeology, which leaves no stone unturned as to this question.

One might could feign an "interpetation" that contorts the existence for something in history that did not exist, but one cannot manufacture stones to dig up in the middle-east that concur with one's textual perceptions.  If a text suggests item "X" exists in 609 BC, but no one will accept your "interpetation" of it, you are obviously stuck with nothing more than conflicting subjective opinions.  But if an archaeologist digs up "X" and dates it to 609 BC, and this matches precisely the witness of a text of antiquity from the same era, there is nothing else to say about it, unless you just wish to remain dishonest on the subject. "X" is in the text, and "X" is in the stones, there is no mistake.  And this is precisely what you will discover is the case concerning Qaraism in the middle-east. Yet, despite these facts, the claims are still made to the contrary, despite the facts, for the simple reason, the people making them wish to offer absolutely no legitamacy to the existence of this movement whatsoever prior to Anan Ben David int he 8th century. And this disinformation is propagated dogmatically by the Synagogue itself, and it's advocates. Which naturally makes one suspicious of their very insistence, if one is thoughtful but for a moment.  What is gained by this insistence? And who is it gained by, becomes the question?

Kara-ite, is simply a conjuction of a Hebrew word in the Scriptures.  It is a "coined" term to refer to a particular type or kind of Judaism.  The kind of Judaism that began as a rejection of the Rabbi, and an appeal to the authority of the Nabbi, over the Rabbi.  The texts of Scripture, over the arbitrary musing of rabbinical "sages".  It is both simplistic and sophisticated in it's ideology.  Because the appeal is not just to the fundementalist conception of Scritpure as a final product, but to it's process as well.  A process that both institutes and reforms "by the book", according to the "rules", the by-laws, the constitutions. of the institution whatever it is.  The process is as important as the product.  The product without the process is incomplete, nor is it "Scriptural".  "Scriptural Process" was instituted, along with the "Scriptures", to assure it's continued place of authority in culture, and allow for "scriptural reform" to take place, which by necessity, must happen for the sake of survival.

REFORM IS A FACT BY NECESSITY TO ALL JUDAISM NO MATTER WHAT IS CLAIMED

All religions are "reformed", whether they acknowledge it or not.  Judaism went through a "reform" by necessity, when both the country and it's temple were destroyed. The "reform" was not by choice.  There were no choices but to "reform", but the question is, how would that "reform" take place? Who would decide what it should be?  The "scriptures" had a "process" it instituted to answer that question.  The Beth M'rah obviously had no interest in submitting to a "scriptural process", so their 'reforms" were not valid "reforms", but distortions, corruptions, and error, because it refused the prescribed "process" of 'reform".  

Even the Egyptian Synagogue, which now appropriates the name Karaite, and claims strict adherence to primitive Torah, are reformed.  They are a "synagogue".  They have accepted by necessity the rabbinical replacement for the abscence of the Temple.  This reform is as reformed as any other innovation in the most liberal European Judaism on earth.  In fact, technically, it is one of the most liberal innovations possible in light of the Torah's prohibition against them, and it's Torah violating practices, especially within Israel. And this "reform" was not concluded through the Scriptural process established by Torah to get reform.  Reforms in Judaism, had to have a prophetic precedent.  They were not simply whatever "good idea" an esteemed Rabbinical might arbitrarily think up after a good Midrash on the subject.

But obviously, if part of your ideology is that precognition and intuition, i.e., the intuitive process itself, is no longer valid, even though valid Torah observance requires it procedurally, there will in the end be no way possible to arrive at a "scriptural Reform".  Either in it's conclusion, or it's process.  And that is precisely what the leaders of the Bamah house movement have done to Israel.

So while all Jews by necessity are required by circumstance to reform, and those reforms are progressive and continuous throughout history in nature, no matter what one might claim about their tradition to the contrary, the question is, what is the "Scriptural Process" for achieving it.  Here, in this place, it is the reformed Qaraim, that stand unique, as the Judaism of the Prophets, not the lawyers and philosophers with good ideas.

When "reforms" are made within any country, group, organization, etc., they are at least two opposing sides, if not many more. One for something, and the other against it, in various degrees of acceptance or rejection. Once again, these observations are simple universal facts of human nature.

The bamah house reforms in Israel had proponents, and it had adversaries.  Solomon was a proponant of the Bamah house movement, thus why it's emergence gained a permanent presence in Israel.  However, Josiah only years later, also of the royal family of Judah, went in the opposite direction. He was opposed to the reforms being introduced by the Bamah house movement and it's non-Levitical clergy.  This division within the royal family in Israel, led essentially to a civil war, the collapse of the country, as well as the end of the Davidic monarchy.

The people writing the "scriptures" were against these reforms, and sought reforms based on the process of Torah (i.e., the prophetic).  Not in favor of the Bamah house movement, but quite against it and in contrast to it, stood the Navi'im. They went on public record against these reforms, and we have the record of their protests still in our possession today, comonly known as "the Prophets".  All of them went on record against the importation of the Bamah houses and institutionalization of it's clergy.  But their protests were in vain, and the Bamah house eventually, with the assistance of the Babylonian Empire, became the established institution of mainstream Judaism.  Jews as a subjugated people, by law, having no choice but acceptance.  Objectors were given the choice of acceptance, or renunciation of Jewish identity. It was in effect, both sponsored by the empires, and had as it's purpose the ideological genocide of Israel's indigenous people, along with their historical identity.

This of course created a huge delima in the national consciousness of the people of Israel.  The institution of official Judaism as proscribed by the Empire, had as it sacred texts writing that condemned it's existence.  And thus, the need for "Oral Torah" myth-making, and the "Talmud", in order to reconcile these two opposite contradictory states. How do you obey the command not to do "A", and then institute "A" as a requirement, without driving people mad? You create a "switch" definition, that "A" is not really "A" at all, it is "B". See, it is not a Bamah house, it is a "Synagogue". Prophet? What Prophet? They all passed away! So the conflict is removed.  But so is the truth.  And obviously what was intended by the people who originally wrote;"Do not do "A""., as well as the indigenous Navi'im who opposed these changes, sometimes to their very own graves.

If those people are still around, to remind people that "A" is really "A", and not "B", then the next step in the process is to deligetimize or discredit the people who are clinging to the old definition of "A", as actually "A".  If this doesn't work, you are then forced to exterminate them from existence, from memory, from history, otherwise people will once again discover "A" is really "A", and not "B", and everything built on the lie that "A" is really "B" will collapse.  So their very existence becomes a threat. And such is the case with the Karaite Jews in Israel prior to the 8th century CE, even among the very same groups of people and institutions to this very day.

And while the most compromised version of the Karaite message, that being the version which compromised over it's synagogue adaptation under Islamic rule, even this compromise still retains enough ideological authenticity to be a problem to "officialdom", though it is still the most preferred version by them, to redirect any inquiring historical investigations.  Because it retains in tact, the major part of their biggest lie, that it is the Rabbi's Synagogue (even if they have to accept Rabbis that go by the name Hakhams) which grant Jewish Identity, not actually being a Jewish Jew based on Torah.

The Karaite Jew is the bastard child of uncle Rebe that shows up at the family reunion, after they denied uncle Rebe was ever unfaithful.  In fact, not by accident, that is actually the slang insult term for a karaite, i.e., Mamzerim, "bastard", and it is no accident this label was extended to a young nabbi by the name of Yehsua ben Yosef, ben David Avra'am of Natzeret, who was in fact, also a Qara'ite, and had the courtesy of this label extended to him by the Babylonian synagogue in Israel.  And who at the hands of the Roman empire, in order to defned themselves against the spread of his populist (Jewish) teachings,  became distorted into the creepy and offense Roman idol (complete with a redefinition of a plural"God") so removed from his original Qara'ite faith, as to no longer even be recognizable, not only from the ancients texts which speak of him, but even as simply a Jew. (The entire point of all of it)

The same motivations that created the distortions of the Jewish Rab and Nabbi Yehsua ben David Avra'am, into the blonde haired, blue eyed Roman, born on Apollo's birthday, and snuffed out his Jewish identity forever, are those same motivations by these same institutions, both Jewish, and European, who today, snuff the history of Qaraism from the pages of their books and lectures in order to hide the truth of what they themselves know, really happened, from the world, and what thereby was done to us all by their actions.

The mainstream Judaism the world has today, which it is busy stocking the country of Israel with, and offering official religious authorities to, is a Judaism that has been created not by indigenous Jews of Israel one reads about within the pages of the scriptures, nor their descendants, but by the Roman empire and descendants of it's Italian co-conspirators, and if prior to that at all, the Hellenized-Babylonian empire.  The indigenous people of Israel, along with their indigenous religion, the Judaism of the Scriptures, has been for all practical social and political purposes, exterminated in the earth, through a succession of merciless genocides, suppressions and persecutions, from both Catholic church and Jewish synagogue religious authorities, until little to nothing recognizable remains.  The remnants of believers that still exist in this religious tradition are scattered to the four corners of the earth, and if offered return to Israel at all, only contingent upon their acceptance of the validity of the Rabbi's Bamah house, i.e., now called "Synagogue", they are then are assigned the city of Ashdod to populate, as it is ascribed in the Tanakh as the city for bastards. 

The Judaism offered to the world from the modern state of Israel is the invention of the Roman empire, who today still holds in it's exclusive private possession the most important key documents of all modern Rabbinical Judaism, the writings of Moses ben-Maimon, called Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (موسى بن ميمون) in Arabic, (Rambam).  His writings are the core documents of modern rabbinical synagogue Judaism, and were "given" to Ashkenazi Jews by a single monk who "copied" them after an entire century, after their supposed composition and the man himself had long passed away. Even today, just recently, the Vatican was so kind, in order to "promote" good relations with Israel, prior to the Pope's visit, offered the modern state of Israel (and all it's hords of Rabbis) the unique and historically rare momentous opportunity (because it never happens) to see the Vatican's copy of it, on loan, for a little while, as a "token" of "good-will".  It made for a great press conference.  It was also quite obvious who the master of this house actually was.

Within the alleged writings of Rambam, copied by a single monk, a century after he is dead, is a number of wonderfully Roman Catholic doctrines concerning Judiasm.  Doctrines which cannot be found on any page of any Bible anywhere on earth.  And yet this was the greatest "rabbinical scholar" since the destruction of the 2nd temple?

RAMBAM'S STRANGE ROMAN CATHOLIC DOCTRINES ON JUDAISM

The following is Maimonidies "13 principles" of Judaism.  

1. G-d exists 

2. G-d is one and unique 

3. G-d is incorporeal 

4. G-d is eternal 

5. Prayer is to be directed to G-d alone and to no other 

6. The words of the prophets are true 

7. Moses' prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets 

8. The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah (teachings now contained in the Talmud and other writings) were given to Moses 

9. There will be no other Torah 

10. G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of men 

11. G-d will reward the good and punish the wicked 

12. The Messiah will come 

13. The dead will be resurrected 

On first glance it seems fairly innocuousness and on the surface, not much anyone would actually disagree with. Much of it could be found acceptable to some Muslims or even Christians, with one or two itemized exceptions.  But when you begin to scrutinized this highly popularized universal statement of Jewish Rabbinical doctrine, you will notice some odd and strategic diversions from the Scriptures, which not coincidentally synchronize the orginazational aspects of Judaism with the Vatican's own Roman Catholicism.

JUDAISM ACCORDING TO TORAH

#7b - A Statement contrary to the Torah, Abraham is the "father" not Moses.

Exo 3:6 Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God.

Deu 9:27 Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin: 

#8 - A patent lie by any measure designed to support the manipulations of the Empire over Judaism. (Any conceivable lie on earth could be "Snuck" in as "oral torah") [and also a lie completely contrary to the Torah itself]

Talmud, Sanhedrin 106bTalmud, Sanhedrin 52aTalmud, Hebamoth 12bTalmud, Sanhedrin 52aTalmud, Yebamoth 6bTalmud, Sanhedrin 52aTalmud, Sanhedrin 106a.Talmud, Sanhedrin 107b.Talmud, Sanhedrin 105a‑105b.Talmud, Sanhedrin 105aTalmud, Gittin 57a

The above references from the Talmud, are all references to various denunciations and curses on "Christians", a people the historical Moshe would have never even heard of in reality and something the great Rambam was obviously more than familiar with.  Not only is this claim ridiculous, it is also patently contrary to the Torah itself, which commands, not requests, the following. 

Deu 4:2  Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you. 

The Scriptural process of the Nabbi and Hadabar stand in complete contrast to the secrecy and manipulation of the Talmud and it's academy of imperial manipulators and elites.

This understanding is evidenced in the writings of the Tehudah as well, 

2Pe 1:20  Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation. 

The process Moshe established int he Torah, was not one of secret "traditions" that could be made up on the spot for any occassion and passed off as the word of Moshe, it was the following:

Deu 18:15  The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken; 

New instructions were to be given from, and heard from, a still speaking, still living God, that the Bamah house Rabbinicals had to conveniently silence in disobedience to the Torah to justify themselves, and their secret "as needed" oral traditions issued to them by way of imperial edict out of Babylon and then Rome.

#9. - A Statement Contrary To The Tanakh

Jer 31:31 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and  with the house of Judah: 

12. - A Statement Elimating Judaism, contrary to the Tanakh

Isa 42:1 Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles.

This document attributed to Maimonides defines Judaism as exclusively the belief he "will come" meaning simply, if the Jewish Messiah were to ever actually come, then Rambam's "Judaism" would be self-annulled. [and exist no more forever]?  That concept is patently false from the Scriptures. It is also a convenient supporting item for the Vatican's Roman Catholicism which argues precisely the same thing.

That was precisely the claim ROME attempted to make in driving the wedge between Jews and "Christians" based on lies and apostacies. It is no accident this Judaism is traced not only genetically, but even in terms of literature, back to ITALY, where it remains int he Vatican's personal private possession to this very day.

WHO ARE ROME'S JEWS?

Ashkenazi Jews are suprisingly, not anymore descendants of Abraham, than a Roman Catholic is a descendent of Christ.  This is simply the fact of the matter genetically, as reported by the New York Times article on Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA.  The very words used in the sacred feasts by Rabbis to read and pray, emphasize the exclusive genetic descendant the participant has to writers of the texts of Scripture, and inhabitants of ancient Israel, repeating the phrases "in the days of our ancestors", over and over, yet this identification is actually more compensation for the fact, there is no more connection between a modern Ashkenazi Jew with an ancient Israelite, than there is a Roman Catholic genetically to Christ.  It is purely by way of psychological affiliation, or in others words, "religion".

The Bible actually records the origins of the Ashkenazi Jew, and it is not with Abraham they find their geneology.

Gen 10:3  And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. 

It is claimed that the term Ashkenazi was simply used to refer to the region, not the genetic heredity of Ashkenazi Jews, but according to modern genetics, because Rabbinical Jews refuse to follow the Biblical practice of tracing their linage through the male, as exampled by Scripture, and because in the mother genetic drift occurs within a single generation, Ashkenazi is not only the area, but the genetics as well. Meaning, these are a people who are the physical descendents of Gomer, not the physical descendents of Abraham. In other words, "gentiles" who have embraced Rabbinical Synagogue Judaism to make themselves "Jewish", thus "Jews", and of course, if this is not really "Jewish", then neither are Ashkenazi Jews.  It is a hoax.  So the issue of what is really "Jewish" in terms of "religion", is actually supremely important in "Jewish identity" unlike what Ashkenazi Rabbis of the Synagogue claim to the public.

Without Jewish religious identity, there is nothing "Jewish" about a "Jew", anymore than there is about a Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Pentecostal from California, or a Roman Catholic, from the Rhine valley or Italy.  The science simply contradicts the claim given even the most benevolent interpretations of DNA data in favor of it.

One of the most scorned and scourged texts of the New Testament is the strange recurring claim that the "synagogue" is (a) "the synagogue of Satan", and (b) made up of those who "say they are Jews, but are not".

Rev 2:9  I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan. 

Rev 3:9  Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. 

These two texts have been cited for centuries by Synagogue rabbinicals as proof the New Testament is at it's core, "anti-Semitic".  But the fact is that these texts were written by Jews, however you wish to define the term, either religiously or genetically, and whose pedigree was in actually much closer to a real genetic association to physical Abraham, that it's critics, who impugn it for it's alleged "antisemitism", yet feel no antisemitic guilt in maligning Jews different than themselves with these very same exact labels?

If the writers of the New Testament documents, were in fact Jews, who had issue with the Synagogue, just as the original karaites actually did, these kinds of statements are not antisemitic at all. In fact, it is the exact reverse taking place. It is critic of these comments, the gentile descendent of Gomer, replacing the real Jew with themselves, and claiming when their replacement is criticized, it is "antisemitic" and not simply a forthright valid historical criticism, made by real Jews about gentile "converts" being made through a non-indigenous non-Jewish imperial gentile religious institution to essentially over-whelm and snuff them out of existence, for the benefit of the gentile empire.

Ironically, it is the fundementalist "Chrisitan" zealot self-identified "supporter of Israel", who also claim these texts are the "word of God", who most zealously, ignores what it says, and argues to invalidate the complaint inscribed in their own Bibles, allegedly from the "risen Christ"? (as though it is not there, or doesn't mean what it openly and rather blatently tells them) So instead they send their money off to support the Ashkenazi synagougue state in Israel, justify any and every evil done to any muslims in the area no matter how wrong, and zealously await the end of the world, where all these same Jews will be slaughtered by Christ for not switching to Christianity upon his return in the sky?  Yes, it is a dangerous game the Rabbis are playing with the safety of the people of Israel.  Not much different in some respects, than the games they have played with empires, in the past.  But be sure, the outcome will be no different in the end, either.

So if mitochondrial DNA from the mother is worthless in tracking genetics, and the Scriptural example is to trace linage through the patriarchal descent, why on earth, does the imperial synagogue, track their linage, and even their Jewish identity, through the mother?  As mentioned above, it is not because of anything Jewish this practice is done. It is once again, because of Rome (the mother of Ashkenazi Synagouge Judaism), literally and historically.

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JEWISH POPES

Jerusalem Post 

Friday, April 15, 2005

QUOTE: Rabbi Shimon ben Elchanan HaGadol (the Great) of  TENTH CENTURY Mainz, Germany. Rabbi Shimon?s son, Elchanan was captured and kidnapped as a child by Christians and baptized and raised as a Christian.  Rabbi Shimon, distraught and heartbroken, never gave up hope of finding his son and restoring him to Judaism.  Rabbi Shimon is THE AUTHOR of a piyut (prayer poem) that has found a PERMEMANT PLACE in the recitation of the ASHKENAZIK LITURGY for the shacharit/morning prayer service of Rosh Hashana. In this prayer there is an acrostic  that begs God, my son, Elchanan, live into the eternal world.  This is apparently a reference to the boy's kidnapping and forced conversion to Christianity. Legend has it that Rabbi Shimon somehow gained an audience with the pope to plead for the relaxation of Catholic decrees against the Jews and in that meeting both the pope and Rabbi Shimon realized that they were father and son.  The chess game between the two was an embellishment of the original legend. That Rabbi Shimon?s son was kidnapped and baptized is a fact. What later happened to him afterwards is open to legend and conjecture.

List of the VATICAN'S "JEWISH" [i.e., Ashkenazi] POPES

Das Papsttum, Breitkopf & Haertel 1904.

Pope Leo X was a Medici (i.e. Khazar Black Nobility) and

Clement VII was his cousin. Khazar Black Nobility whose father was a banker brought to Rome in Rothschild employ.

Paul VI, Montini, was an Ashkenazi Jew according to the Blue Book of prominent families in Italy.Mother was an Ashkenazi Jew, maiden name "Katz" Polonised as "Kaczorowska". whose family had been accepted into the annals of Roman nobility more than a century before his birth. 

"Jewish" popes previous to Malachy's prophecy include,

Ashkenazi Jew, Zephyrin (199-217),

Ashkenazi Jew, Siricus (384-399),

Ashkenazi Jew, Hormidas (514-523), and

Ashkenazi Jew, Analdet II (1130-1138).

(Gert Haendler: Kirchengeschichte, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt Berlin, 1980).

While there are various explanations offered as to why, rabbinics claim Jewish identity is tracked through the mother's membership in the synagogue, the most obvious reason, somehow never gets mentioned, as though there is no connection, when obviously and especially in light of genetic origins out of Italy are confirmed.  The Roman Papacy wanted to fulfill both the requirements of being Roman Catholic and Jewish at the same time.  The only way this could be done, is turn the definition of "Jewish" into a "race" granted by the Mother. So that the Roman Pope could be both a Catholic male, and Jewish by virtue of THE MOTHER.  Rabbinics have no valid explanation for this custom from the Tanakh.

Because Roman culture under the Vatican, was essentially centered around the pagan worship of the holy Mother, and because of the fact the Pope had to be both a male and Roman Catholic, the only way to be both Jewish and a Roman Catholic male was to institute, Matriarchal descent among Italy's version of "Judaism" being sponsored by the Vatican, i.e., "Ashkenazi Jew".  The tradition of the "holy" Matriarchy is still present in modern western culture today, in modern "Mary-age" (i.e., actual etymology of "Marriage") vows that by custom dictate the male swear a death oath of his allegiance to "Holy Matrimony" (the rule of the Mother).  Thus the origin of the Synagogue's tradition of tracing it's "Jewish identity" through the Synagogue membership of the Mother, in complete violation of actual real Jewish Torah.  This adaptation found support among rabbis when arguing against later claims of Ishmaelites, who claimed equal status to Jews of the middle-ages as being sons of Abraham as well, but this was not the cause of the custom, but it's benefit.  

But the practice itself is patently Roman, unbiblical, and certianly scientifically worthless in terms of real actual heridity of any kind.  Thus once again, the origins of Rabbinical Synagogue Judaism practice finds itself in the lap of Rome, from whence it emerged, and to whose authorship it must look for it's modern existence. 

According to the Mishnah, the first written source for halakha, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined matrilineally.

According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, in the Bible, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (kilayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tanaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother

Shaye J.D. Cohen (1999). The Beginnings of Jewishness. U. California Press. pp. 305–306. ISBN 0585246432.

 

DESCENDANTS OF GOMER CLAIM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO THE MESSIANIC THRONE OF JUDAH

BASED UPON THE MOTHER'S MEMBERSHIP IN A BAMAH HOUSE?

(This is what a "Jew" is?)

For centuries, the Vatican's Ashkenazi Rabbis from Italy, have assured the world both Christian and Jewish, there are no 12 tribes, and never were [in the time of Hagadol Rabboni].  This was one of their biggest arguments to show no Rabbi of theirs named Paul [a Benjamite] ever existed, only a gentile masquerading as a Jew who didn't know any better.  But this argument is obviously a 2 edged sword, because if in fact Rabbi Sha'ul was correct about the existence  of the 12 tribes, then the reverse would be true. It would be Rabbi Sha'ul who knew what he was talking about, and his distractors who may be the ones masquerading as Mayven.

The 12 Tehudahs were established among the kara'im before Rabboni was ever born. As the Bimah house cohenim consolidated their power in Israel, and progressively moved to outlaw the Navi'im, one of the things they decided to do was discontinue the 12 families. Yes, 10 tribes were taken to Assyria, but Assyria is not some far away exotic island on the other end of the earth. It's just up the road from Israel a few minutes by car. The area is called "Syria" today from the name "Assyria". Nobody got lost.  What did happen is that the Bamah house cohenim made an executive decision to discontinue their political existence.

This is thus, another intentional misconception propagated by synagogue rabbinics, concerning Israel and Judiasm, that the "12 tribes" have all "passed away", been "absorbed" or were "lost", yet the tribe of "Judah" has become the whole of "Judaism", and there are no more linages or identities, that remain having to do with any of the "12 tribes" anymore.  

That of course is a convenient claim to make, since constitutional government under Torah requires representation from all 12 tribes, to constitute a Biblical Sanhedrin.  Israel was a constitutional Monarchal republic with democratically elected representation from the 12 tribes.  In much the same way the US Senate is elected in the United States by districts, granting each representation in the council of the government, the existence and function of the 12 tribe (states) were required by Torah to conduct valid constitutional government in Israel.

It is similar in effect, of having the US Congress.  But what if you don't like how 91% of the country is voting anymore? Well you simply hold elections in Texas, and tell the rest of the country they don't exist anymore.  Then you can have Texas represent all 50 states, and every seat in the Senate can be filled with a Texan!  That's precisely what the Synagogue leaders did in Israel. The claim the 12 tribes "passed away" or were "lost", is no more true, than saying the state of "Florida" disappeared, or was lost.  It was disbanded politically, not lost, and it never went anywhere.

Synagogue rabbis will tell Christians, almost with glee, that sections of their New Testament are fictitious and erroneous, which mention people in 1st century Israel, with tribal associations still in tact.  Examples include references to Paul from the tribe of Benjamin, and Anna from the tribe of Asher.  Gomerite Rabbinicals from the Synagogue will laugh and mock naive Christians with the claim, these tribes all disappeared, passed away, ceased to exist, etc. and watch the poor unsuspecting Christian squirm with embarrassment for entertainment.

Unfortunately, the Christian doesn't know he is being made the victim of another historical hoax.  If the 12 tirbes passed away, and exist no more, then Jewish DNA studies would not even be possible, because while on the one hand claiming the 12 tribes passed away, Jewish genetic researchers are busy comparing DNA from people with the last name "Cohen" (the tribe of Levi) [one of the 12 tribes that supposedly is no more] for DNA?  So obviously you cannot have your tribe pass away, and have it's DNA too.  If Cohen is not from the "tribe" of Levi, thus the tribes did not pass away as is claimed, or they did pass away, and studying "Cohen's" genetic markers and comparing them to everyone else, is no different than studying some arbitrary guy off the street with the Spanish last name "Jesus" to find everyone related to "Christ"? See the contradiction?  Explanations about the linage of Cohenim are convenient justifications for an arbitrary point of reference for these genetic studies, that could have just as easily been made with and on behalf of any other tribe from ancient Israel.

Furthermore, if  you take genetic markers from Jews with the last name "Cohen" (Levi), and call everyone who has them genetic descendents of "Jews", then why not take the markers of Jews with the last of Shimon? Or Reuben? Or Joseph? Or any of the other 12 tribes, which still exist to this day in family names?  Why arbitrarily grant "Cohen" a genetic authority, that is with held from all the other tribal family surnames on earth? Even in places where there are large concentrations of Jews or even middle-eastern Semites, who self-identify their origins from one of these 12 tribes? What is good for the goose is good for the gander, is it not?

Almost in a comical retribution to Jewish DNA studies, the largest concentration of Cohen marker DNA has not been found in the middle-east, nor even in Ashkenazi Europe, it has been found in Africa, among not caucasion Ashkenazis, but among African Tribal Jews, whose existence was not only an embarrassment to white Ashkenazis in Israel who long thought of themselves racially as the "True Jew", but among this very dark skinned African tribe with deviant religious practices and claims, not even previously recognized by Israel as legitimately Jewish enough to even be "Jew".

There are Jewish groups all over the world, that claim to be personal descendents of various tribes from Israel, extending to virtually every tribe listed in the Bible. What makes them 'all disappear" and "exist no more", is simply the arbitrary decision by synagogue Rabbinicals that such is the case.(except of course, when you need an arbitrary "genetic marker" from an Ashkenazi)  Then all of a sudden, the one you need still exists?  The only thing that has ever "passed away" concerning the 12 tribes, is obedience to Torah on this issue by rabbinicals.

It is also not an accident that the Synagogue rabbis decided they wanted to keep Judah, and throw the rest away. Why Judah? Well Judah was the monarchy, the throne,the seat of power. Obviously, you need Judah to exist, so you can claim that is what you are, thus entitling you the right to run everything. And of course, the obvious complication that the Messiah was prophesied to be a descendant of the tribe of Judah, which in today's context, is a pretty worthless prophecy, and the prophets who gave those prophecies should be sued for malpractice if no one has actually shown up by now from Judah.  Of course, there are not too many candidates to pick from other than the dreaded obvious if one contemplates this shadow too long.  So no one does. Problem solved. And we will get to that history and what it has to with Qaraism later down the page.

But both spiritually and legally, while Judah has been given the "throne" of Israel, it is Benjamin, that has been given it's holy city, Jerusalem, which is host of not only the throne, but the temple as well, and thus the heart and soul of Judaism.  The disintegration of Israel during it's demise is cited as justification for remaining in a state of disintegration, but no rabbi will argue, it is not even in their own admission the archetypal work of Eliyahu the forerunner, to call for a restoration of all things. Including these.

Tribal affiliation continued in real Judaism well past the first century.  Whether this affiliation was simply traditional, organizational or genetic is beside the point, because technically, the 12 tribes of Israel were also it's 12 constitutional regional states, which were given the right to exercise representation in it's government, denied by the emergence of the synagogue rabbinicals. In other words, as long as there is a Florida, and a California, there are Californians and Floridians.  The "tribal affiliations" came from the regions or provinces for which they were Biblically named. Not some genetic test tube.  Patriarchal identification continued well past the era, as a matter of family traditions among Qaraim, who refused to relagate their identities granted to them by the almighty, to oblivion because some rabbi from a Babylonian academy said so.

The inter-testamental pseudepigrapha work, the 12 Testaments, was written for political purposes as much if not more than for it's religious value. Today it is considered a religious work, but in the context of it's day, it was a statement about the 12 tribes, in a time, when rabbis were attempting to get the citizens of Israel to forget their existence as relevant.  

The spiritual practices of Torah, still organize the holy kingdom, on the basis of these 12 emergent spiritual patterns of Israel, and they have no more gone away, than the books from Israel that recorded them, that organized and interpreted, even the circuits of the heavens itself upon the identity and existence of the 12 patriarchal covenants of Israel.  Genetics maybe, maybe not, but existence definitely yes, still to this very day among Qaraim. Until there is repentence by the rabbinicals over this issue, there will never be a Biblical Israel, with a Torah based constitutional government.  It requires the 12 tribes to exist, as some of the prophecies concerning the coming of Messiah, be his coming first, second or third, however one may choose to count it.  So obviously, denying their existence is not only a violation of Torah, it is counter-productive for the nation of Israel, on every level, spiritually, legally and socially to continue to deny and disobey.

THE BURIED HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS OF THE REAL ORIGINAL KARAITES

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

Definition of KARAISM

 

 

The above definition is the standard answer or definition you will receive when you look up the term "Kara-ite" or "Qara'ite" or Qara'im" from virtually any major reference source, from Encyclopedia Britannica, to the Jewish Encyclopedia, to even Webster's online dictionary.  And because it is the answer that is yelled the loudest and most frequently, by the most "reliable sources", end of story, that must be the truth.  If you take issue with it, you will be called every nasty name the person can think of, before you get the first word of an explanation out of your mouth, or written on the page, as to why there is a problem is this definition.(And subsequent historical interpretation)

So before going into the factual history as actually documented by history, of the real original Karaites who existed in Israel since at very least, 609 BCE, everyone is attempting to hide out of embarrassment, we will take a few moments to point out how this definition is proven false within it's own description, without any further assistance than shear logic.  We will then follow up this observation with the actual facts from history that demonstrate this "official line" is a patent fabrication, invented to cover up the truth, and protect the guilty in the process.  All of this will not matter to the average person who could care less one way or another anyway, but to the seeker of truth, here is the "cover" you are going to have to look "behind" or "under" to see what has really happened.

THE DEFINITION IS A FACADE

If you notice in the standard "definition" given above, there are 5 essential elements to it's claim.

1. A Jewish Doctrine

2. Originating in Bagdad

3. In the 8th Century

4. That rejects Rabbinism and Talmudism

5. And bases it's tenets on Scripture alone.

The longer one honestly looks at this definition, the more outrageous it will begin to be exposed. It is a definition that is actually a referral card, not a definition at all.  And even in the attempt to make the referral, it reveals a number of historical errors and baseless non-historical biased prejudices.

RED FLAG #1

Ironically, to "define" a word normally, the MEANING of the actual word, is usually given.  Not a "group" that calls itself that. The "meaning" of a word, is precisely what you are normally attempting to look up, when you consult a DICTIONARY, because DICTIONARIES are by design supposed to offer the words ACTUAL MEANING.  

As you see from the above example, no meaning of the word is given, even though it very clearly has one.  In stead a group of people previously known as Ananites, are given a referral, and plastered with the word, origin, meaning, history, definition, authorship and all. Ananites.

Normally, when looking up descriptive adjectives, the definitions of the actual word is given.

Example

conservative

 2a : one who adheres to traditional methods or viewsb capitalized : a member or supporter of a conservative political party1a : an adherent or advocate of political conservatism

Example

These examples come from the same dictionary, as the definition given for Karaism above.  But as you see, there is not some group onto which the label is then dumped, and then disposed of.  It's DEFINITIONS are actually given.

Notice how this same dictionary DEFINES the term JEW?

JEW: Jew·ish adj \ˈjü-ish\of, relating to, or characteristic of the Jews; also : being a Jew

Now compare those definitions to the one they list for "Karaite":

: a Jewish doctrine originating in Baghdad in the eighth century that rejects rabbinism and talmudism and bases its tenets on Scripture alone

Do you see any similarity in the way they treated this term, and how they have treated every other SIMILAR kind of term in their DICTIONARY???

RED FLAG#2

Here you will begin to see the use of a particular blatent use of  "Circular Logic" within the definition itself.  Under the first element listed is the claim that "Karaite" is...

1. A Jewish Doctrine

Now this is particularly interesting.  Because this standardized "Official Definition" is going to begin by relating Qaraism to one particular religion associated with the Middle-East, which goes by the label "Judaism", but what KIND of Judaism is it going to use as it's REFERENCE POINT?  The unspoken answer to that question is the OBVIOUS.  Rabbinical Judaism is the REFERENCE POINT, for use of the word "JEWISH".  Not any other kind. It is an axiomatic assumption, that Rabbinical Judaism is THE REFERENCE POINT.  The PRESET STANDARD of what is going to be meant by the word "Jewish".  The "definition" will MODIFY it's use of this REFFERENCE POINT, by showing contrast with the rest of it's statement...4. That rejects Rabbinism and Talmudism

Jewish is predefined by Default as Rabbinical

Karaism is a "Jewish Doctrine" that rejects Rabbinical?

But it's "Jewish"?

RED FLAG#3

3. In the 8th Century

         BUT

        1. There were Jews who rejected Talmudism long before Ananites in the 8th Century (and)

        2. There were Jews who looked to the Scriptures as their source of religious authority long before the 8th Century

So in other words, Biblical Judaism under the name "Qara" (to call) had no previous existence, until centuries after Rabbinicalism was there to be rejected by it?  And remember, Rabbinicalism was not officially instituted as "Jewish" even by it's own standards, until after the destruction of the 2nd temple?

So in this very simple DICTIONARY DEFINITION, they have asserted Rabbinical Judaism, CAME BEFORE, BIBLICAL JUDAISM? IT DID NOT EXIST!! [UNTIL AFTER IT REJECTED RABBINICALISM, WHICH CAME FIRST!]

This concept is justified on the idea, that since the Biblical Jew, which predated Rabbinicalism by millenia, did not call themselves by the plural of the word, "Qara", there was no such thing as "Qara'ism", until Ananites in the 8th century rejected Rabbinicalism, and coined the phrase.  

But what if that is not what happened?  Why would you be defining this word this way?

RED FLAG#4

2. Originating in Bagdad

So even though Ananites of "Jewish" (meaning Rabbinical) background chose to adopt Biblical Judaism, they are not the same as "Biblical Jews", because they coined the term "Qara'ites" to describe themselves? So this WORD, is the DISTINCTION.  The WORD ITSELF.  

Thus the entire definition is predicated on the assumption, and promotes the proposition, that "no Biblical Jew, rejecting Talmudism, ever used the plural of the term "Qara", as in "Qara'im", or "Qara'ite" ever existed BEFORE the ANANITES IN THE 8TH CENTURY?

But what if this claim is false?  What happens then to the validity of this as a DEFINITION?  What if there were JEWS who rejected Talmudism before the 8th Century? (But just did not use the term "Qara'im"?) Were they Qara'ites? Why not? The ideology was the same? The Cultural origins were the same? Everything else was the same? just not the word "Qara'im"? Because that is a logical given. You have the Scriptures, and the people who referred to them as their source of religious authority, long before Rabbinicalism.

So then, what is it? The WORD "QARA'ITE" Yes. But ... what then if you not only have JEWS who rejected Rabbinicalism, rejected Talmud, but even used the term "Qara'im"? before the 8th century? What then?

What if it wasn't even in Bagdad?

What if in fact, it was in the very CRADLE of JUDAISM in ISRAEL itself?

AND what if it were a nearly A THOUSAND YEARS BEFORE THE TIME THEY CLAIMED!!?!?!

Well that is precisely the case as you will see below!

And here is an even more important question? What if it is KNOWN to be in error, and this "official explanation" is being disseminated throughout the public domain anyway (as will be shown below to be the case)? What would be the motivation for spreading that disinformation through public sources? Who would be behind benefiting from this disinformation, and what would they really be trying to accomplish?

THE SHOCKING TRUTH ABOUT ISRAEL'S PAST

The idea that synagogue "Judaism" today is in some way a continuity, either relgiously or genetically, with "Jews" and "Jewish identity" found in the scriptures, or with Israel in the 1st Century, is simply and unfortunately, a commonly held misconception.  The religion today known as "Judaism" was actually a religion in Israel that at one time, was illegal.  In fact, it was so illegal, it was a capital offense.  It was outlawed by Israel's state constitution known as Torah.

That is a shocking fact that is hard to digest, in fact so hard, most prefer to remain in denial about it.  But the history is there, written on the pages of scripture, the religion was over-thrown, the leadership was replaced by imperial puppet rulers, and eventually even the physical nation was disseminated along with the overwhelming vast majority of it's inhabitants. Only a "remnant"  remained after 70 AD, and that remnant was given the choice to accept Rome's own sponsored version of Judaism (i.e.,the other side), staffed by it's own co-conspirators, or no longer be Jews.

This was the same antithesis gentile assimilation religion that was attacked by the Jewish prophets, and over which, sporadic civil wars were fought.  The people writing the texts of scripture, which we have in our possession today, lost this civil war to the gentile sponsored importation of Bamah houses , and were displaced from power in Israel.  

These shocking facts, are recorded throughout the entire body of literature known today as the "Tanakh".  The conflicts are recorded, and the eventual defeat of those writing these texts, are also recorded for all posterity.

The only problem of course, is that no one actually wants to believe that is what they are reading when they read it.  It is a form of denial brought about by the desire to avoid the emotional pain of accepting the unacceptable idea, that the heros of monotheism, actually lost their battle.(even if they say so with and in their own words)

So as the consciousness of these defeats are expunged from the record and lost from memory (as demonstrated by the strange definition of "karaism" given by the "official dictionary", religious devotion and subscription to these forms are embraced as "normative", despite the fact, they are clearly historical "deviations" also clearly notated 'by written the record".

The fact, that the Israel's indigenous Navi'im did loose, is made crystal clear by a number of undeniable proofs, both from sacred texts and historical events. And while they may have lost the battle, no one is charging them with losing the war.  The world today, despite all the failures and set backs of Israel's ancient history, is predominantly Abrahamic and monotheistic when at one time, the exact opposite was true. This accomplishment, despite their loses.  It is an odd paradox perhaps only malicious irony or divine justice could explain.

But what did they loose it too?  That question is left in the dark, as though answering it is taboo, and perhaps better left unknown.  But that is quite the problem. What they lost too, is what exactly we have inherited.  What they fought, is what we have now as our practice, thinking we do so in their honor, in accordance to their words, and it is literally in some cases, the exact opposite, and over their graves. We have inherited as the vehicle for their remembrance, the very thing many of them died to protest.  And this too, is quite the paradox.

But once the consciousness of what has been done to us, and thereby to the world, through the brutal conquests of the world's empires, against indigenous people in the ancient middle-east, is realized, we have the opportunity as individuals in the modern world, to find our way back to those same honored prophets, whose memories have been wrapped in fossilized imperial institutions full of flattering Imperial lies, to bury what their truth.  

The task of 'return",  is incumbent upon not just Jews, who have had both their real history, and real heritage stripped from them at the point of swords and threats of death by the empires of the past, but by every monotheist on earth, touched by the message of their own monotheistic Scriptures from these Jewish sources, who have suffered similar fates, be they Jewish, Christian or Muslim.  

For this pattern of imperial colonization of prophetic lands, has occurred the same way, conducted by the same perpetrators, using the very same tactics, to arrive at the same desired ends, in all three traditions, and have victimized all three peoples in the same way.  Because, unknown to it's primitive victims separated by time and place, the omnipresent empire knew all too well, it's enemy was in fact, the same. The prophet hearing G-d speak. And the common people who loved G-d's word. The voice of intuition speaking the truth to whatever heart able and willing to listen, and the phenomena of precognition to bear witness of it's authority to the world.

To deny the existence of intuition and it's associated precognition phenomena, that int he relgious context we refer to as 'the prophetic", is too deny one's own scriptures, the very process by which it was produced, and the very instruction to incroprate it, and consult it as a fixed social institution within legal and governmental society, in all three bodies of monotheistic literature, from the Torah, to the Tehudah, to the Quran.

It is the empire's own literature, the Talmud, the Councils, and the Hadiths, sponsored by it's own "academies", staffed with it's own religious surrogates, that produce all the literature (and supporting lies) designed to invalidate these very clear instructions, given by the Prophets, for the sake of the Prophets, to keep the knowledge of G-d in the earth, and obedience to him, a progressive science, (just as Geometry, Medicine and Law are today) rather than a fossilized superstition, filled with mental children who unknowingly defend their own abusers, 

Returning to a physical land, for Judaism, is only a very small part of a very big and much bigger and ultimately, more important, challenge.  To resurrect their vision, their ideology, and their Ruach haQodesh spirit, is a much more critical and demanding but necessary accomplishment. For what good is a land, that is still only inhabited, with what our own prophets actually fought and lost their lives to stand against? ..and their conquered children were forced at the point of an imperial sword to accept, or renounce their identity as a people? Unfortunately among the few that actually remained, many did.  

This pattern once again was not the unique fate of Jews in Israel, but later among Jewish and Gentile followers of Christ who faced the power of Vatican Rome, and even Arabic followers of Muhammad confronted by the Caliphate, and thus today why the fossil remains of three past empires, now considered 3 religions. The empires are the real authors and architects of today's religious practices known as Judaism, Christianity and Islam. (Which in reality are Babylonianism, Romanism and Caliphatism) and having in reality, more of an antithesis relationship with their alleged founders, than their real origins.

An embarrassing lie, that must be continiously denied up to this very day.  These are the 3 remaining fossilized lies, the empire created to snuff out the truth, that challenged them all with the same unified voice, and presented the same threat to it's order. That heaven is his throne and earth is his footstool, what house shall we build for him?  G-d does not live in temples made with hands, and the towers of Pharoah lead only to loss and destruction, be they called Mosques, Synagogues or Churches.  In the end they all look alike, and share the same error of rebellion and disobedience, to the very founders they claim to follow.  And this state of contradiction is no mere innocent accident. It is a contrived and socially engineered flagrant deception, enforced through threat and violence. A lie millions of minority pious Jews, Christians and Muslims, have literally lost their lives over, and at the expanse of, serving both as it's "burnt offering" and 'blood sacrifice".

And the extent to which it is now commonly accepted by what remains, after all it's purgings, and cleansings, and genocides is not testament of it's validity, but evidence of what extent it has exercised uniform injustice and bloodshed over the entire earth, and the populations of humanity, from Babylon, to Rome, to Mecca, to propagate it's power at the expense of all that it claims hypocritically to be the actual stewards of.  

It is the common herd, not G-d's chosen. It is the sin, not the redemption. It is the ارتداد, not the submission.  It is the error all the Navi'im called people out of, from father Avra'am to Moshe, to Yeshua, to  Muhammad. There is an unbroken witness and an unbroken call to repent, because the word of G-d itself remains unconquered, and unbroken, and will never pass away despite all the interpolations, declarations and pontifications of every empire on earth till the end of time. It is a war. the empire cannot win.  No matter how much violence and bloodshed and lying and killing it may do on it's own behalf and at the expense of every soul it has murdered, to snuff it out, and steal for itself what will always belong, whether by birth or by heritage or by degree, to G-d alone and by way of him and his scriptures, and his prophets and his still speaking voice, to someone else.  It is a shoe, only Cinderella can wear. Not her three ugly sisters, created by the power-lust of evil empires.

 

 

[to be continued]